A water-jet propulsion system operates by drawing water into an intake, then accelerating and ejecting it through a directional nozzle to generate thrust.

Here's a breakdown:

• Intake: Water is drawn into the system using a pump or impeller. This can be seawater or river water, depending on the operating environment.

• Pump: The intake water is then pressurised by a pump or impeller. This high-pressure flow is crucial for generating thrust.

• Nozzle: The pressurised water is directed through a series of nozzles that converge and then diverge. This converging-diverging nozzle design increases the velocity of the water flow.

• Thrust: As the high-speed water exits the nozzle, it creates a reactive force in the opposite direction, in accordance with Newton's third law of motion. This force propels the vessel forward.

• Steering: By controlling the direction of the water flow through the nozzles, the system provides steering control. Some designs have multiple nozzles that can rotate or tilt, enabling the vessel to maneuver effectively.

Water-jet propulsion systems are commonly used in various watercraft, such as high-speed boats, ferries, and some military vessels, due to their advantages in manoeuvrability, shallow-water capability and reduced risk ofdamage in debris-filled environments compared to traditional propeller systems.